In 1971 President Nixon ended the Bretton Woods monetary agreement and sent the dollar into a tailspin. Overnight, the greenback went from being explicitly supported by tangible gold reserves to a faith-based fiat currency. In part one of a new series, Adrian Ash examines how the dollar began its road to nowhere…

This from Whiskey and Gunpowder:

Fifty years ago the U.S. Treasury feared a very genuine loss of its real gold reserves.

Gold’s role as the ultimate asset of national power was about to peak. By 1966, fully one-half of all the gold ever mined would sit inside government vaults.

Fear put it there. Fear is likely to keep hold of what’s left today:

Under the Bretton Woods Agreement – signed in 1944 – the almighty dollar backed the world’s entire monetary system.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~Special~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The “Chaffee Royalty Program” That Turned Every $1 Into $50

In 2002, the same royalty “paycheck program” that paid out $50 for every $1 invested…decided to shut the door to new “members.”

In 2008, that door is open again…and it just got easier than ever to “make money while you sleep”…

But the door will slam shut again right at Midnight on Wednesday, September 10, so you’d better collect your own “Chaffee Royalties” right NOW…

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Every other major world currency was valued in terms of the greenback, and gold then backed the dollar – or rather, it backed 25 percent of the dollars in issue, as per the Federal Reserve Act.

So it was only by holding either gold or dollars (or better still, lots of both) that sovereign governments could hope to settle their international spending and debts with each other. “Gold and currencies backed by gold [became] the foundation of our international credit,” as James Bond is briefed in Goldfinger by Colonel Smithers of the Bank of England.

“We can only tell what the true strength of the pound is, and other countries can only tell it, by knowing the amount of valuta we have behind our currency.”

Sitting atop this system – the “Gold Exchange Standard” as it’s sometimes known – the U.S. dollar clung onto its position as the world’s No.1 currency thanks to the sheer size of U.S. national gold reserves. They’d risen three times over between the mid-1920s and the defeat of Japan, hitting more than 20,000 tonnes by the late 1940s.

At its peak, America’s nationalized gold reserve – the single greatest gold hoard on Earth – accounted for almost one-in-four-ounces ever mined in world history. But “uneasy lies the head that wears a crown,” as Shakespeare reminds us, and for most of the Bretton Woods period, from the end of WWII until 1971, Washington lived in terror:

The terror of gold leaking out off U.S. reserves, transferring real wealth overseas and taking the Dollar’s position as “top dog” along with it.

Gold vs. the Plutonium-Backed Dollar

“We now have $21 billion worth of refined uranium and plutonium,” said a desperate Dwight Eisenhower at a meeting of senior White House officials on 9th November, 1960. “This has great future value as a source of power.

“Could it be substituted for gold?” the president asked, proposing a new bedrock for U.S. monetary reserves – and, therefore, for the world.

Eisenhower’s question – though stupid and “politely dismissed” as Francis Gavin relates in his excellent 2004 history, Gold, Dollars & Power – was urgent. America’s nuclear arsenal already supported its political power. Could plutonium sustain U.S. monetary might as well?

Well…no. “The great thing to remember about gold,” as Colonel Smithers goes on in Goldfinger, “is that it’s the most valuable and easily marketable commodity in the world.” That still holds true today, five decades later.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~Special~~~~~~~~~~~~~

“Brace Yourself for the Next 5 Super-Shocks of the COMING STOCK MARKET APOCALYPSE”

“I called every market expert I could think of into the room. We closed the doors. And then we came to only one possible conclusion…”

“Over the next 12 months…and despite all the bank write-downs, market bombs and ‘bailout’ talk already…there are at least FIVE MORE DEVASTATING NEW FINANCIAL SHOCKS ahead.”

Click here to grab the seven financial survival steps you need to protect yourself…

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Wholesale gold bullion – traded by professional dealers, refineries and bullion banks – represents one of the world’s deepest and most liquid capital markets. There is always a “clearing price” at which buyers and sellers will trade. Because gold’s intrinsic value, the fact that it stores wealth in itself – rather than by deferring that value to some other asset, promise or production – is it’s only utility.

Industrial and medical uses barely count against the volume of gold held for its wealth-content alone. Whereas money backed by uranium, crude oil, plutonium or copper would be instantly trumped by their value as industrial assets – rare and valuable items, to be sure, but valued for their productive uses instead.

Back to November 1960, meantime, and Secretary of State Christian Anderson had called that White House meeting because government-owned U.S. gold reserves – fixed vs. the Dollar at an unchanging value of $35 per ounce since 1933 – were about to slip below $18 billion “for the first time in many, many years.”

The reason? America’s balance-of-trade deficit. Rather than accepting U.S. Dollars at face value and sitting on paper in payment, France and Germany kept demanding gold in exchange. That was their right under the post-WWII Bretton Woods Agreement – a right exercised whenever the supply of dollars looked likely to force a revaluation of its gold backing. This right was finally lost when Richard Nixon stopped redeeming dollars for foreign-owned gold in August 1971.

Devaluing the Dollar by 100 Percent

Nixon’s decision to float the entire world off gold and onto pure faith alone is often seen as a “crime,” an affront to fair dealing and honest money. Nixon stuffed America’s creditors, devaluing the Dollar by 100 percent compared with the promised ratio of $35 an ounce. Runaway inflation then followed as U.S. dollars flooded the world, lacking any “hard asset” backing to limit their growth.

In less than a decade, the gold value of U.S. dollars sank by 96 percent…pushing the gold price up to a peak of $850 per ounce.

But in closing the “gold window” at the Federal Reserve – and destroying the Bretton Woods exchange standard – Nixon was in fact only completing a process begun before the First World War started in 1914.

He locked America’s gold reserves deep inside government vaults, safe from the predations of foreign governments demanding hard assets in payment of debt.

More crucially in the great arc of 20th century politics, however, Nixon also kept U.S. gold far removed from the private circulation of wealth that had preceded the five decades of “total war” in Europe and Asia…back before those evil days when bureaucrats worldwide moved to close down the free movement of gold, locking it deep inside nationalized vaults, safe from the free decisions of private individuals to move and spend their wealth – in the form of gold bullion – as they saw fit.

Source: Operation Meltdown, Part I