1.87 billion shares of Citigroup exchanged hands on Friday. That’s easily a record, not just for Citi, but for any stock in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. Shares in the company dropped almost 40%, to $1.40.

The former record holder WorldCom traded 1.5 billion shares on July 1, 2002. The S&P 500 set a bottom three months later.

But on this snowy Monday, during the winter of our discontent, a bottom seems unlikely anytime soon. The Dow opened down 100 points today, breaching the 7,000 level for the first time since 1996. On this leg down, if the Dow goes back to Greenspan’s original proclamation of “irrational exuberance,” it will hit 6,500. He first said those words on Dec. 5, 1996.

If the Dow continues to follow the Japanese example, a 27-year low would bring it all the way back to 1,000 during the life of this bear market.

“I don’t think the market appreciates,” says Dan Amoss, “how much the TALF could help restart lending.

“Last fall’s screeching halt in bank lending was greatly exacerbated by the crisis of confidence in securitization. Prior to the crisis, many of the consumer, business and mortgage loans originated by banks were sold into asset-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities.

“Securitization was abused to the point that it exacerbated the lending bubble; banks quickly reopened the lending capacity of their balance sheets as soon as they securitized loans and sold them to investors.

“Securitization lies at the root of the collapse in lending standards, but that’s another story for another time. Longtime Strategic Investment readers will recall my view, starting over two years ago, that reckless securitization would lead to major problems once investors noticed the toxicity of the asset-backed securities they were buying. It was the primary reason I recommended the UltraShort Financials ETF in July 2007.

“The comparison is not perfect, but depending on its success, the TALF could provide stability to the securitization market, or “shadow banking system,” much in the way that the FDIC guarantees stabilized the banking system during the Great Depression. This could lead to a rally in economically sensitive stocks that have been sold down to distressed levels.”

Considering Friday’s debacle for Citigroup, we’re not surprised to hear Abu Dhabi is “carefully assessing” its $7.5 billion investment in the bank.

The wealthiest of the UAE’s emirates, Abu Dhabi’s got a bit of a dilemma on its hands: Its billions in convertible bonds will convert to shares this time next year. Once the date comes, the bonds will convert between $31-37 a share… just a bit higher than Citi’s current $1.50 bid. That’s assuming, of course, that the U.S. government won’t wipe out all the shares by then via sudden nationalization. Either way, should add an interesting twist for the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund… and fifth largest petroleum exporter.

The mood in the market is as grim as our most famous investor. When he participated in the panel following the premiere of I.O.U.S.A., Warren Buffett shocked many of the film’s makers by playing the token Pollyanna. He all but dismissed the possibility that the U.S. faces a crisis of any kind.

Today, a scant six months later, Mr. Pollyanna is singing a different tune:

“The economy will be in shambles throughout 2009,” Buffett wrote in his annual letter to shareholders over the weekend, “and, for that matter, probably well beyond.”

The above is certainly the most headline worthy quote of his latest missive, and the one that’s got most Buffett disciples running for cover. But of course, there were plenty of little nuggets of wisdom in his yearly letter. Here are a few:

– “In poker terms, the Treasury and the Fed have gone ‘all in.’ Economic medicine that was previously meted out by the cupful has recently been dispensed by the barrel. These once-unthinkable dosages will almost certainly bring on unwelcome aftereffects. Their precise nature is anyone’s guess, though one likely consequence is an onslaught of inflation.”

– “Our long-avowed goal is to be the ‘buyer of choice’ for businesses –  particularly those built and owned by families. The way to achieve this goal is to deserve it. That means we must keep our promises; avoid leveraging up acquired businesses; grant unusual autonomy to our managers; and hold the purchased companies through thick and thin (though we prefer thick and thicker).”

– “Home purchases should involve an honest-to-God down payment of at least 10% and monthly payments that can be comfortably handled by the borrower’s income. That income should be carefully verified.

“Putting people into homes, though a desirable goal, shouldn’t be our country’s primary objective. Keeping them in their homes should be the ambition.”

– “The investment world has gone from underpricing risk to overpricing it. This change has not been minor; the pendulum has covered an extraordinary arc. A few years ago, it would have seemed unthinkable that yields like today’s could have been obtained on good-grade municipal or corporate bonds even while risk-free governments offered near-zero returns on short-term bonds and no better than a pittance on long-terms.”

– “When the financial history of this decade is written, it will surely speak of the Internet bubble of the late 1990s and the housing bubble of the early 2000s. But the U.S. Treasury bond bubble of late 2008 may be regarded as almost equally extraordinary.

“Clinging to cash equivalents or long-term government bonds at present yields is almost certainly a terrible policy if continued for long.”

Yet the U.S. government pumped $30 billion more taxpayer dollars into AIG this morning. The injection came as the doomed insurer announced a $61.7 billion quarterly loss.

That’s a record for any publicly traded American company and even bigger than the group anticipated a few weeks ago.

Last year, AIG lost just under $100 billion. That’s around $3,200 for every second of the year. We’re impressed. Losing that much money that fast takes talent.

Today’s injection brings Uncle Sam’s AIG tab up to $180 billion. In exchange, you own almost 80% of the company… that you’ll never see.

Two more banks failed over the weekend. The 15th and 16th failure of 2009 will nick another $100 million notch in the FDIC’s belt.

Consumer spending in the U.S. registered a surprise gain in January, the Commerce Dept. said today. After falling a record six months in a row, spending popped up 0.6% during the month.

At the same time, personal savings in the U.S. has shot up to 5%. That’s the highest level since 1995.

Hmmn….

The climbing savings rate explains this phenomenon too. The dollar index, still the ultimate flight to “safety” (sic) is just below 89 — its highest level since April 2006.

Investors are showing commodities no mercy during today’s sell-off. Oil is down $4 a barrel, now just clinging to $40. Even gold can’t withstand the pressure… it’s down almost $30, to $933.

“The U.S. had better start looking for someplace else to store its high-level nuclear waste,” declares Byron King, with today’s energy opportunity. “Because they won’t be storing the waste at Yucca Mountain, Nev. This week, the Obama administration announced that it will not support the 20-year-long, $10 billion project to store waste at Yucca Mountain, located about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas.

“The new administration had better start an alternative soon, and move fast. Almost every one of 104 operating U.S. nuclear power plants are either out of room for on-site storage or nearly so. And then we have to deal with the many forms of nuclear waste generated in government labs and everyday nongovernment industry.

“This ranges from the U.S. nuclear weapons complex to the medical arena and things like metallurgical testing and oil well logging. The nuclear waste that comes from these activities presents a serious problem, with no solution in sight. Lack of storage is a key roadblock to the expanded use of nuclear power in the U.S. Every nuclear-related project needs to show how it will handle nuclear waste from cradle to grave. So what happens when there’s no grave?

“Canceling the Yucca Mountain project may feel good to longtime critics. Indeed, canceling Yucca Mountain may even be the right thing to do. We’ll find out over the next century or so. But right now, we have a problem. Where else to store large volumes of high-level nuclear waste? Any volunteers? No, I didn’t think so. All the wise heads at DOE and in the U.S. nuclear industry had better get their thinking caps on. And whoever figures it out will probably make some serious money.”

For more from Byron, be sure to check out his latest special report: How to Buy Gold for a Penny per Ounce.

“Your reader complains ,” writes a reader, “that letting the big banks fail will be more than ugly, that it will be Armageddon. I have spent hours a day online reading about this crisis, and have found not a single article explaining in any significant detail how this conclusion is reached. The Fed and Treasury refuse to disclose the extent of the problem for two reasons: 1) fear of spreading panic, and 2) fear of disclosing the banks’ ‘trade secrets.’ We’re even denied the knowledge of how our money has already been spent. Bloomberg and Fox News have both filed FOIA lawsuits that the Fed is fighting.

“It’s not enough to describe the situation as a ‘house of cards.’ Let’s open the process to daylight, bring in outside persons who are likely to question our existing authorities (I’d nominate Buffett, Roubini, Taleb and Santelli to start). Have this group perform the ‘stress test,’ not the idiots who couldn’t and didn’t see this coming. An audit by the people who are to blame for the problem is NOT going to restore public confidence, any more than would a urine test by Barry Bonds’ trainer.

“Indeed, when I saw the stress test parameters issued yesterday by the Fed, I concluded that Geithner has already peed in Citigroup’s cup.”

The 5: Charming.

At least we’re not in Europe, eh? This miniature Hooverville is parked outside the capital in Kiev.

We saw what happened to the rest of Europe last month when Russia and Ukraine had their little pipeline tiff… hard to imagine the energy crisis that would result from total economic failure.

“Central Europe’s refinancing needs in 2009 could total 300 billion euro, 30% of the region’s GDP,” declared Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany. He said over the weekend that the richer EU members should set up a $200 billion fund to help keep union alive. Germany has already rejected the bailout… France and Italy will likely follow.

“A significant crisis in Eastern Europe would trigger political tensions and immigration pressures. With a Central and Eastern European population of 350 million, of which 100 million are in the EU, a 10% increase in unemployment would lead to at least 5 million unemployed people within the EU…

“We should not allow that a new Iron Curtain should be set up and divide Europe.”

Across the English Channel, Europe’s biggest bank is in dire straits too. HSBC was forced to raise over $17 billion today after announcing its 2008 income crashed 68%. The bank will issue over 5 billion new shares, Britain’s biggest ever rights issue. The mega bank also announced a 29% dividend cut.

Source: A Bottom in Sight? Buffett Wisdom, Energy Crisis, Eastern Europe and More!

Surprisingly, two key ingredients of this turnaround formula will be structured investments, such as asset-backed securities, and leverage – the combination and poorly policed use of which acted as the accelerants that helped fuel the financial inferno that’s now sweeping the globe in wildfire fashion.

But the reality is that new U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner probably realizes that he has little choice.

Nevertheless, there are problems throughout this plan, says Shah Gilani, a retired hedge fund manager and credit-crisis expert who is a contributing editor to Money Morning.

“Maybe I don’t get it because I’m not on the inside of the new Treasury fire-fighting team,” Gilani said. “But it strikes me that the part of the proposed plan to stimulate consumer loan growth by courting opaque hedge funds with an offer to lend them as much as $95 for every $5 they put up, at a giveaway interest rate, so they can buy new security pools of already overly leveraged consumers’ additional borrowing obligations, is like trying to put out a fire with gasoline.”

As Democrats and Republicans continue to tussle in Congress over a controversial economic-stimulus package worth an estimated $825 billion, Geithner will today (Tuesday) formally unveil a financial-markets rescue plan that’s going to be heavily reliant on private investors buying the “compromised” debt-backed securities that are clogging bank balance sheets like “plaque” clogs the arteries of a heart patient.

The plan Geithner is scheduled to outline represents a revamped approach to the $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) announced by the Bush administration and then approved by Congress last fall. About half the money has been spent in that program, which was initially designed as a way for the government to buy troubled bank assets, but which ended up with the federal government taking direct stakes in the banks themselves.

TARP has been heavily criticized for its lack of accountability and lack of controls. As the ongoing Money Morning investigation has demonstrated, banks have used the money for everything from buying other banks to paying out bonuses – although they often refuse to admit it.

While most investors will refer to today’s proposal as another “banking bailout plan,” the reality is that fixing the banks is the end game, and not the actual strategy. The misconception is easy to understand; after all, most investors believe the credit crisis is due chiefly to a decline in lending, the truth is that this lack of liquidity is due to a decline in “securitization” – the process under which loans made on Main Street are bundled together and repackaged on Wall Street and then resold to investors worldwide as highly rated bonds.

Geithner, in a speech last year when he was still serving as the president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, said the total value of assets in the “shadow financial system” – a system consisting of hedge funds, investment banks and financial “conduits” such as “structured investment vehicles” (SIVs) – outstripped the those in the traditional banking system as early as 2007.

That’s no surprise: Just one year before that (2006), securitization was for the first time responsible for more than twice the volume of loans being made by regular lenders, Mark Sunshine, the president of middle-market lender First Capital in Boca Raton, told Fortune.

Through securitization, a lot more credit could be created than when banks just originated loans and then held them on their balance sheets. This new reality substantially boosted the “velocity” of lending and credit growth, and provided much of the financing consumers needed to buy cars, houses and other wares.

Then came the subprime-mortgage debacle, which caused a shutdown of the shadow financial system and a virtual halt to lending.

According to First Capital’s Sunshine, between the first quarter of 2007 and the third quarter of 2008, bond issuance fell 93% in asset-backed markets, 73% in corporate-debt markets and 47% in mortgage-related areas. And without those asset-backed bonds being issued, lending dried up.

Bond issuance has “just fallen off the cliff,” Sunshine told Fortune. “The reality is that the banks don’t have the infrastructure or the capital to lend in the kind of volume to make up for the collapse of the credit markets.”

Though the problem is fairly clear, there’s no single obvious fix. When he makes his speech to unveil the latest bailout initiative today, Treasury Secretary Geithner is expected to announce a multi-pronged effort – including government guarantees of losses on some assets and greater assistance for troubled homeowners.

With Congress already angry about how much is being spent on rescue programs, Geithner must find a way to make the needed fixes, while keeping the final price tag as low as possible.

“We want to get the private sector to take responsibility for a situation that in many ways was created in the private sector,” Lawrence H. “Larry” Summers, a top economic aide to President Obama, told CNN yesterday (Monday). “If the government is going to be putting money at risk, we want to make sure somebody in the private sector is willing to take the same risk the taxpayers are being asked to take.”

Thus, to get the “shadow financial system” re-started, Obama administration insiders had to think creatively, and possibly accept a higher level of risk than taxpayers might realize or be comfortable with. That includes attracting private-sector investments – no easy task, given that the securitization market is still frozen, U.S. unemployment is soaring, and the American housing market remains in a free-fall.

“The administration is having to juggle three different chain saws,” Brian Olasov, a managing director at the Atlanta office of law firm of McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP, told Reuters. “The key question is, does the plan make it attractive for the private sector to participate?”

Geithner must generate support for a greater flow of investor funds into key areas such as the markets for mortgage-backed securities, auto loans and asset-backed bonds, Reuters said.

Olasov says plans like the U.S. Federal Reserve’s Term Asset-Backed Lending Facility, or TALF, hold great promise for jump-starting private credit flows. Under the TALF program, buyers of “AAA-rated” securities backed by credit cards, student loans and other assets can swap those bonds for U.S. Treasury securities that they can use to get new financing.
In The Fed created TALF as a $200 billion program back in November, but never deployed it, for it was too complicated to roll out that quickly.

Already, however, federal officials are considering expanding the types of securities eligible for the TALF, as well as related plans to include residential and commercial mortgage securities. That’s creating some real concern about the level of risk the federal government may be taking on, especially since the potential exists for private-sector investors to “game” – manipulate – the financial system, if the guidelines aren’t strict or specific enough, some experts worry.

Under the $200 billion TALF program, the central bank will loan money to virtually any U.S. firm that’s willing to use this government financing to buy securities that are tied to  auto, credit-card, small-business or student loans, The Wall Street Journal reported.

In other words, since the government doesn’t want to buy these securities itself, it is lending money to make it possible for professional investors to buy the securities – and in some cases is even guaranteeing payment on the loans that back these securities in order to make this happen.

Some hedge funds – the shadow-financial-system players that borrowed money to boost returns for clients – are “are lining up to get in on the Fed program, seeing a chance to make high double-digit-percentage returns with little downside using low-cost loans made on easy terms,” The Journal reported. Some Fed officials are admittedly nervous about relying on unregulated and often opaque hedge funds, but see the arrangement as a necessary trade-off to increase the velocity of lending and utlimately get capital into the hands of consumers.

“This is exactly what the financial system needs,” Andrew Feldstein, chief executive officer of Blue Mountain Capital Management LLC, a multibillion-dollar hedge fund that is gearing up to participate in the Fed program, told The Journal. “Sending help through the banking system is like sending an ambulance through a traffic jam.”

Others see big risks, however, since the program essentially combines the very same elements that led to the financial crisis in the fist place – leverage, asset-based securities, and questionable credit ratings on debt.

“Between setting up an aggregator bank to buy toxic assets that still no one has any idea how to value and setting up “foxy” hedge funds with their own henhouse of government-backed consumer-weary loan pools, it’s probable that the Treasury will succeed in bringing in private capital,” Money Morning’s Gilani said. “It’s just too bad that if the scheme actually works, it will be the rich-money hedge funds that win and if it doesn’t work, it will be poorer U.S. taxpayers that get their necks rung.”

Source: Obama Administration Must Revive “Shadow Financial System” to Revive U.S. Banks

Editors Note: This is the eighth installment of an investigative series in which Money Morning examines how U.S. banks are using federal bailout funds.

“We asked for $700 billion to purchase troubled assets from financial institutions. At the time, we believed that would be the most effective means of getting credit flowing again,” Paulson said in a statement.

However, “it was clear to me by the time the bill was signed on October 3rd that… purchasing troubled assets – our initial focus – would take time to implement and would not be sufficient given the severity of the problem,” Paulson added. “In consultation with the Federal Reserve, I determined that the most timely, effective step to improve credit market conditions was to strengthen bank balance sheets quickly through direct purchases of equity in banks.”

Paulson said he was considering using remaining bailout funds on a second round of purchases of preferred shares in financial institutions. The Treasury has already committed $250 billion of the $700 billion rescue fund to the purchase of bank stock, and on Monday, used another $40 billion to prop up insurance giant American International Group. Inc. (AIG). That leaves just $60 billion of the initial $350 billion allocation available for use.

Paulson will have to appear before Congress to secure the second half of the $700 billion bailout plan.

Paulson also said he is working with the U.S. Federal Reserve to create a facility to bolster the market for asset-backed securities by funding consumer finance companies.

“With the Federal Reserve we are exploring the development of a potential liquidity facility for highly-rated AAA asset-backed securities,” Paulson said. “We are looking at ways to possibly use the TARP to encourage private investors to come back to this troubled market, by providing them access to federal financing while protecting the taxpayers’ investment.”

Source: Paulson Amends TARP to Include Equity Stakes in Financial Firms and Assistance to Consumer Finance Companies