The base metals were mixed again on Tuesday. Copper peaked at $3.68 in the pre-dawn hours, then fell in stutter steps through the day, finishing at its intraday low $3.6363/lb., down 3 cents. Nickel about-faced, regaining some lost ground and pushing back over the $10 mark to close at $10.0834/lb., up 18¼ cents. Zinc sagged again, ending just off its intraday low at $0.8693/lb., down a penny and a half. Aluminum was tightly rangebound, finally adding less than a tenth of a cent, to $1.3073/lb., while lead rallied for a second straight day, tacking on nearly a penny and a quarter, to $0.9224/lb.

The blahs seem to have taken firm hold of the industrial metals, with yesterday being a day of little change, just like Monday.

Copper eased primarily on concerns about China, whose apparent consumption of copper concentrate was 438,600 tons in April of this year, down 3.73% year on year, according to the latest statistics from the China Mining Association. That’s the first drop since 2007.

In addition, the country’s import of copper concentrates dropped 31% in April to 128,000 tons. For the first four months of 2008, imports declined 517,100 tons, down 23% year on year.

Manufacturing growth in China also eased in May, according to the CLSA China Purchasing Managers’ Index, released yesterday. The gauge declined to a seasonally adjusted 54.7 last month from 55.4 in April.

Supporting the idea of a sagging market, copper inventories monitored by the Shanghai Futures exchange have surged by 85% so far this year.

Ben Bernanke played in, with a comment that, “Commodity prices will level out,” which is “consistent with our expectation of some overall slowing in the global economy and thus in the demand for raw materials.”

Reacting to the chairman’s words, John Kemp, an analyst at RBS Sempra Metals in London, rang the hallelujah bell, writing that, “Bernanke has finally admitted the central bank’s cheap-money and cheap-dollar policy is partly responsible for fueling the rise in commodity prices.”

The selloff was widespread, with the UBS Bloomberg Constant Maturity Commodity Index, a gauge of 26 raw materials, falling as much as 0.7% yesterday.

Source: Base Metals got the Blues – Data shows China Copper Demand Slowing

One such figure came up yesterday. The total ‘value’ of global derivatives – financial instruments which are priced on the back of the underlying assets that they track – has now reached a breathtaking $596 trillion, after a mammoth rise over the previous twelve months.

That started the warning lights flashing…

So what, apart from containing more noughts than a normal human being can cope with, is this titanic number all about?

Let’s start by putting it into context. We can do this by checking out what the world actually made last year. The overall value of goods and services produced is measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). And for 2007, GDP for planet earth was reckoned by the International Monetary Fund to be just shy of $65 trillion. No less an organization than the CIA has come up with a similar estimate, at £65.8 trillion, so it must be about right.

So when the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) tells us that last year the total derivatives market grew by 44%, its fastest pace since the Basel-based bank started keeping records just over ten years ago, up go the antennae straightaway. And when that figure of $596 trillion crosses the radar screen, equivalent to more than nine times world GDP, the numbers are looking quite scary.

The money at risk is equivalent to a quarter of world output

Of course, the $596 trillion is a ‘notional’ amount. It’s the nominal value of all the underlying assets against which bets have been placed. But the actual amount of ‘real’ money at risk is still a massive $15 trillion, equal to almost a quarter of world output.

And within the individual areas there’s one even more eye-catching statistic. The value of contracts in credit default swaps (CDS) – a form of market insurance that investors can buy to protect themselves against corporate bond defaults – more than quadrupled last year to $2 trillion, covering a notional $58 trillion of loan debt.

The very size of all these numbers is just about enough to give the jitters to anyone, on the basis that when things can go wrong, they probably will.

When I wrote on this subject before, one respondent claimed that the topline numbers aren’t important because derivative markets are beautifully balanced. His theory was that if every derivatives position were hedging a risk relating to a specific transaction or asset, then derivatives would actually stabilise the world economy. All those noughts would be good news.

Sounds a bit too good to be true. And there are three reasons to be sceptical about this optimistic line of thinking.

Three reasons to be worried

Firstly, what we can call knowledge risk. That’s when derivatives players don’t know what they’re getting into.

A story on Bloomberg at the end of April summed this up pretty well. The chief finance officer of an Indian company was persuaded by his bank to start dabbling in the currency derivatives market. Although the CFO explained to the bankers that he didn’t understand how these products work, apparently they chauffeured him round and bombarded him with charts showing how his company could make a profit with a zero investment.

Too good to be true? Clearly it was. Three months later, two of the contracts had turned sour, incurring losses of $1.5 million and prompting the bank to issue a bankruptcy notice to recover the cash. Meanwhile, our poor CFO had no idea that these derivative bets could go so wrong. But he’s not alone. Indian companies could lose up to $4bn on derivatives, according to Hong Kong-based brokerage CLSA Ltd. Naïvety? Maybe. But we’re all good at repenting at leisure.

Which brings us onto the next potential problem, counterparty risk. That’s when the deal you’ve just done comes unstuck because the people on the other side of the trade can’t settle their side of the deal. A bit like backing the Derby winner, then finding the bookie can’t pay up because he’s run out of money.

Indian banks may lose up to $400m if they can’t enforce derivatives contracts they’ve set up with smaller companies, says CLSA. This is because 10% of these smaller companies may renege on their agreements because they haven’t the cash to settle the deals.

And this is just one country. BNP Paribas analyst Andera Cicione believes that total world CDS losses could hit $150bn. As the CDS market is unregulated, there are no public records showing whether sellers have the assets to pay out if a bond defaults. George Soros himself has warned this week that CDS counterparty risk is “a Damoclean sword waiting to fall.”

What’s worse – and here we come to the third problem – some buyers have now found out that the derivatives they’ve bought haven’t matched up to “what it said on the tin”.

The ratings agency Moody’s has just admitted awarding incorrect ratings to $4bn worth of debt instruments because of a bug in its computer models. Some ultra-complex derivative products, known as “constant proportion debt obligations” and thought up at the height of the credit bubble, incorrectly received over-optimistic triple A – i.e. top notch – ratings. And it took Moody’s nearly a year to find the problem.

As the derivatives market gets bigger and bigger, stories like these only make us ask: do the people who play around in it really know what they’re doing?

Turning to the wider markets:

He was a great fan – he read all my columns and had done well over the years out of taking some of my advice. I glowed with pride. Then came the fall. But, he went on, he had also lost a small fortune as a result of buying into the Japanese market – again on my advice – in 2007.

What did I suggest he did now? I shifted uncomfortably from foot to foot and prayed for the speeches to begin while the editor of a rival publication, irritatingly standing right next to me at the time, tried not to smirk too obviously.

It’s always horrible to feel responsible for other people losing money, but when it comes to Japan I really feel the pain: my own Isa is stuffed with Japan-related investments. So the fact that the Nikkei 225 was one of the world’s worst performing markets last year hasn’t exactly brought forward my retirement date.

So what did I tell him? That I was buying more. Japan is cheap in a way that no other developed markets are. A good 50% of Japanese stocks trade at less than their book value (the accounting value of their assets), for example. Dividend payouts are also rising. They have always been stingy, when they have existed at all, but over the past three years, the dividends offered by the biggest companies have been rising at double-digit rates.

And the economy isn’t doing badly at all. In the fourth quarter of last year, Japan grew at an annualised rate of 3.5% and in the first quarter of this year the numbers are expected to show that it grew at around 2.5%. Given that the best the US can do is 0.6% (and that number is bound to be revised down over the next few months), that looks pretty good.

Japan is currently the world’s fastest growing developed economy and given its links to Asia (twice as many Japanese exports go to Asia than to the US), it is likely to stay so.

Even more interesting is that fact that, after well over a decade of falling prices, Japan appears to have finally banished deflation. Food prices are rising (McDonald’s has eased the price of a Big Mac up from ¥250 to ¥280) as are energy prices.

But these obvious elements aren’t the only things that drove core inflation up to 1.2% year-on-year in March. Strip them out, says Jonathan Allum of broker KBC Financial Products, and inflation is still “mildly positive”. Better still, wages appear to be rising: the average base salary turned positive in November last year.

This is a very big deal. For far too long falling prices have put the Japanese off spending money (why buy something now if it will be cheaper tomorrow?) but if prices are rising – and workers have more money in their pockets – perhaps they will finally start to loosen their grip on their left-over-from-the-1980s Louis Vuitton wallets.

Already, says Christopher Wood of CLSA, Japanese consumers are expecting inflation to be running at 3.1% in 12 months’ time. This should do wonders for corporate pricing power (you can’t put prices up when people are expecting prices to fall but you sure can when they are expecting them to rise anyway) and for profit margins.

The other thing that might work to cheer up the Japanese consumer is the state of the property market.

Those who have placed very heavy bets on the UK property market on the basis that “we are a small island and demand is greater than supply” don’t like anyone to mention Japan. There, the long and totally insane bubble of the 1980s was justified on identical grounds. Then prices fell for 15 agonising years.

The good news – for Japanese homeowners if not for our own buy-to-let investors – is that they aren’t falling any more: residential land prices rose for the first time in 16 years last March.

Still, a lot of this has been true for some time and, as my new banker friend reminded me, it didn’t do us any good last year. Why might it now?

The answer is sentiment. Today most people hate Japan. Jonathan Allum points out that the week leading up to March 14 saw the biggest wave of foreigner selling since October 1987.

This is good news in the sense that the total capitulation of foreign buyers often marks a turning point for Japan. And so it has again. The point is that sentiment is beginning to turn. Right now very few investors have a stake in Japan. Soon they’re all going to want one.

So it’s best to get in before the rush – and the easiest way to do so is via the iShares MSCI Japan ETF (NYSE:EWJ).

Source: Bucking the Trend Could Help You Make It Big in Japan

The data supports “growing anectodal evidence” that Japan is moving out of deflation and that the trend isn’t just to do with commodities, says Christopher Wood of CLSA. Consumers’ inflation expectations have been trending higher; they now expect inflation of 3.1% in a year’s time. The emergence from deflation is “potentially hugely bullish” for stocks, given the positive implications for companies’ pricing power and hence their margins.

Underlying inflationary pressures look set to grow further as the economy is on track for a sixth successive year of growth at or above its sustainable rate, as Capital Economics points out. It expects a rebound in housing construction to bolster growth this year, helping to offset slowing exports, while wage growth has accelerated of late, boding well for consumption.

Household spending rose by 0.7% in the first quarter as a whole. Sustained inflation depends “on a cycle of rising wages and higher consumer spending”, as the FT notes. Meanwhile, stocks remain extremely cheap, with no less than 60% of firms trading below book value and PEs historically low, according to Tad Fujimura of Sparx Asset management. The market is worth a look.

http://www.moneyweek.com/file/46469/japan-inflation-finally-returns.html