“The pace of economic activity appears to have slowed markedly, owing importantly to a decline in consumer expenditures,” the Fed said in a statement. “Business equipment spending and industrial production have weakened in recent months, and slowing economic activity in many foreign economies is damping the prospects for U.S. exports.

“Moreover,” the statement added, “the intensification of financial market turmoil is likely to exert additional restraint on spending, partly by further reducing the ability of households and businesses to obtain credit.”

The Fed also lowered its discount rate – the rate at which it lends directly to banks and Wall Street firms – by a half-percentage point to 1.25%.

A wave of failures among banks and financial institutions have stymied lending and roiled global credit markets. The world economy faces a significant uphill battle as a result.

The U.S. economy expanded by 2.8% in the second quarter, but that expansion was largely the product of government stimulus checks and a weak dollar. The federal government returned roughly $168 billion back to American taxpayers in the form of rebate checks earlier this year. The tax rebates, which were mailed through May, kept U.S. consumers afloat, while a weak dollar accelerated a torrent of exports out of the country.

Since then, consumer spending has been undermined by rising unemployment and the dollar has strengthened substantially.  The advance estimate for third quarter gross domestic product (GDP) is to be released today (Thursday), and most analysts anticipate the U.S. economy shrunk during the three months ended Sept. 30.

“The growing reality is that this is not just a slowdown, but a true recession,” Joel Naroff, president and chief economist of Naroff Economic Advisors said in an interview with Money Morning.

“U.S. GDP contracted significantly in the third quarter,” said Naroff, who believes the economy may have contracted by 2.5% to 3.0% in the quarter. “Such a sharp slowdown is not expected.”

Citigroup Inc. (C) analysts Geoffrey Dennis and Jason Press said last week that they now expect an entire year of contraction before the economy gets back on track in the second half of 2009.

“We are now expecting one of the sharpest recessions in the post-war period,” Dennis and Press wrote in a report to clients on Oct. 21.

The Fed statement said the rate cut “should help over time to improve credit conditions and promote a return to moderate economic growth,” but noted “downside risks to growth remain.”

This is the ninth time that the central bank has lowered rates since September 2007. The Fed has also loaned hundreds of billions of dollars to banks through a new lending program and earlier this week began loaning money directly to major businesses by purchasing commercial paper.

The Fed yesterday lowered the interest rates it will charge to buy unsecured commercial paper to 1.84%, down from 1.89% on Tuesday. It lowered the interest rate on asset-backed commercial paper to 3.84% yesterday, down from 3.89% the day prior.

The central bank created its program to buy 90-day commercial paper directly from issuers on Oct. 7, meaning it’s now three weeks old.

The Fed’s new loan programs have expanded assets on its balance sheet by 104% during the past year to $1.804 trillion, or 12.6% of GDP, Bloomberg reported.
Rate Reductions Around the World

While the Federal Reserve struggles to keep the U.S. economy from sinking into a second Great Depression, central banks in Europe and Asia are also on the defensive and could soon join the Fed in slashing rates – if they haven’t already.

The British Office for National Statistics last week said that, after a flat second quarter, the U.K. economy contracted 0.5% in the three months ended Sept. 30. It’s likely that Germany, France and Italy have already entered into a recession, as their second-quarter GDP fell 0.5%, 0.3% and 0.3%, respectively.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said last week that the economy of the 15-country Eurozone would grind to a virtual standstill in 2009.

The European Central Bank (ECB), which raised rates as recently as July, backtracked and cut its benchmark rate by half a point on Oct. 8, dropping it down to 3.75%. ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet said Monday that the central bank’s Governing Council could take additional steps at its next meeting, currently scheduled for Nov. 6.

“I consider it possible that the Governing Council would decrease interest rates once again at its next meeting,” ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet said yesterday. “Taking into account the recent substantial decline in commodity prices together with a substantial weakening in demand which has emerged lately, upside risks to price stability have diminished.”

Nick Parsons, head of markets strategy at nabCapital (OTC: NABZY) in London, told The Guardian that the Bank of England (BOE) could also follow the Fed’s move with a one-point cut of its own. That would leave the BOE’s rate at 4.5%

China, on the other hand, wasted no time in following the lead of the U.S. Fed. The People’s Bank of China cut its interest rates yesterday, reducing its key one-year lending rate from 6.93% down to 6.66%.  The rate cut was the central bank’s third reduction in two months.

China’s economy registered a solid GDP expansion of 9% in the third quarter – a noticeable step down from the 11.9% pace set in 2007.  Beijing is clearly worried about the effects a global recession would have on its economy and wants to ensure growth does not slow any further.

Of course, lowering rates will also help keep the Chinese currency, the yuan, from appreciating against the dollar and the euro as central banks in the West pull out all the stops in dealing with the credit crisis.

“This cut was driven by the slowdown in the third quarter and the likelihood that the U.S. and other central banks will cut rates,” Xing Ziqiang, an economist at China International Capital Corp. in Beijing, told Bloomberg.

GDP growth in China has slowed for the past five quarters but so long as the nation keeps inflation in check it should be able to maintain a “reasonable” economic expansion of at least 8% next year, said Liu Erh-fei, managing director and chairman for China at Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc. (MER).

Whether Chinese banks were “wise, lucky, or better regulated,” they avoided exposure to the risky subprime mortgages and derivative products that caused the current financial firestorm,” said Liu. “There is no systemic risk in China’s banks that could spill over into a full blown financial crisis.”

China has more than enough economic weapons at its disposal to ensure strong growth going forward, including a world-leading $1.9 trillion in foreign currency reserves. China also has a budget surplus of 2% of GDP, according to Stephen Green, of Standard Chartered PLC. And public sector debt is just 16% of GDP.

Earlier this year, Beijing shifted the focus of its policy to growth rather than inflation – a choice analysts say is now paying dividends.

Inflation in China, and worldwide, is beginning to ease alongside commodities prices. Inflation in China receded to 4.9% in the year to August, from 8.7% in February. And Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS) forecasts that it will fall as low as 1.5% in 2009.

Source: Federal Reserve, Bank of China Cut Interest Rates as Financial Crisis Deepens

The next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee is scheduled for tomorrow Wednesday Oct. 29. There is no doubt that growth will be the central issue of the committee’s discussion, as fears of a global recession are intensifying alongside deteriorating economic data.

The British Office for National Statistics’ said Friday that, after a flat second quarter, U.K. gross domestic product (GDP) contracted 0.5% in the three months ended Sept. 30. There’s little doubt that other European nations have already succumbed to recession, and the near bankruptcy of Iceland has highlighted the interdependency of the world’s financial system.

It’s likely that Germany, France and Italy have already entered into a recession, as their second-quarter GDP fell 0.5%, 0.3% and 0.3%, respectively. Japan – the world’s second largest economy – is also dangerously close to recession, with its economy having contracted 2.4% in the three months ended June 30.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said last week that the economy of the 15-country Eurozone would grind to a virtual standstill in 2009. And the prognostications for the United States are equally bad, if not worse.

The U.S. economy expanded by 2.8% in the second quarter, but that expansion was largely the product of government stimulus checks and a weak dollar. The federal government returned roughly $168 billion back to American taxpayers in the form of rebate checks earlier this year.  The tax rebates, which were mailed through May, kept U.S. consumers afloat, while a weak dollar accelerated a torrent of exports out of the country.

Since then, consumer spending has been undermined by rising unemployment and the dollar has strengthened substantially.

The unemployment rate hit a five-year high of 6.1% in September and jobless claims have continued to mount this month, with a seasonally adjusted 478,000 Americans filing for first-time unemployment benefits in the week ended Oct. 18. Initial jobless claims have soared 47% in the past year and continuing claims are up 44%.

Meanwhile the greenback has posted a strong rebound over the past month, making U.S. goods more expensive to foreign nations, and thereby weakening exports.

The dollar climbed 5.9% against the euro last week and yesterday (Monday) surged to a two year high of $1.2462 versus the European currency.

The economy has nothing left to lean on at this point, and that fact has most economists projecting a debilitating recession for the United States.

“We are now expecting one of the sharpest recessions in the post-war period,” Citigroup Inc. (C) analysts Geoffrey Dennis and Jason Press wrote in a report to clients on Oct. 21. Citi sees an entire year of contraction before the economy gets back on track in the second half of 2009. Dennis and Press predict U.S. unemployment could climb as high as 8.5% next year.

“The growing reality is that this is not just a slowdown, but a true recession,” Joel Naroff, president and chief economist of Naroff Economic Advisors said in an interview with Money Morning.

“U.S. GDP contracted significantly in the third quarter,” said Naroff, who believes GDP may have contracted as much as 2.5% – 3.0% in the quarter. “Such a sharp slowdown is not expected.”

So far, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke has turned to his ever-expanding arsenal of liquidity measures in an attempt to thwart what now seems to be an unavoidable recession. However, he may eventually be forced to cut interest rates all the way to zero like the Bank of Japan did in 1999.

But first the Fed will reduce its benchmark Federal Funds target rate tomorrow by 25-50 basis points.

“The cut is already in the market,” John Ryding, economist at RDQ Economics told AFP.
“The question is whether it’s 25 or 50 basis points.”

The latter would mean reducing the key rate from where it currently stands at 1.5% to just 1%. Cutting below 1% could be seen as a sign of panic, according to some analysts.

Earlier this month, the Fed conducted a joint rate cut with a number of its global partners, and other central banks around the world could again join the United States in reducing rates.

The European Central Bank (ECB) could cut its rates as soon as next week at the next meeting of the central bank’s Governing Council scheduled for Nov. 6.

“I consider it possible that the Governing Council would decrease interest rates once again at its next meeting,” ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet said yesterday. “Taking into account the recent substantial decline in commodity prices together with a substantial weakening in demand which has emerged lately, upside risks to price stability have diminished.”

Nick Parsons, head of markets strategy at nabCapital (OTC: NABZY) in London, told The Guardian, that the Bank of England (BOE) could also follow the Fed’s move with a one-point cut of its own. That would leave the BOE’s rate at 4.5%

The ECB, which raised rates as recently as July, cut its benchmark by half a point on Oct. 8 to 3.75%.

The Fed’s Broadening Balance Sheet

Cutting rates would certainly fit into Chairman Bernanke’s tactic of flooding the market with liquidity – a tactic that began last August and has broadened over the past year to include more and more tools at the Fed’s disposal. As a result, the role of the U.S. Federal Reserve as an institution has completely changed.

After previous rate cuts and cash injections failed to unfreeze credit markets, Bernanke got the green light to start buying up troubled assets and taking equity stakes in financial institutions.

Up until a year ago, the vast majority of the Federal Reserve’s holdings were in Treasury securities. However, over the past several months, Bernanke has expanded the role of the Fed to include the programs ranging from the Fannie Mae (FNM) and Freddie Mac (FRE) bailout, to becoming a buyer of last resort for undesirable assets.

In fact, the Fed set the interest rates it will charge for its purchases of commercial paper from banks and companies. The Fed said it would charge 1.88% for unsecured commercial paper and 3.88% for asset-backed commercial paper, Reuters reported.

The Fed created its program to buy 90-day commercial paper directly from issuers three weeks ago, on Oct. 7.

“The net effect of these facilities has been a truly staggering pace of growth in the Fed’s balance sheet,” said Jan Hatzius, chief U.S. economist for Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS).

The Federal Reserves balance sheet has more than doubled as a result, and it’s showing no signs of abating. As of Oct. 15, the Fed’s balance sheet had ballooned to $1.754 trillion from around $850 billion last year, according to The Wall Street Journal.

“In coming months, further rapid growth in the Fed’s balance sheet is likely,” said Hatzius. Hatzius also pointed out that during the Japanese credit crisis of the 1990s, the Bank of Japan’s balance sheet hit 30% of GDP, compared to the United States where the Fed’s balance sheet is currently at about 12% of GDP.

“To be sure, part of this increase occurred in an environment of outright quantitative easing by the Bank of Japan, which is not our current forecast for the Federal Reserve,” he said. “Nevertheless, the Japanese experience illustrates that central balance sheets can grow to very large numbers when the monetary authority is called upon to take over short-term financing for a large part of the economy.”

Japan suffered a decade of stagnation in the 1990s after its property and stock market bubbles burst. Money Morning Executive Editor Bill Patalon has written extensively about the eerie similarities between that collapse and the potential lost decade that could be faced in the United States.

The H.4.1 report – the Federal Reserve’s weekly report on changes to its balance sheet, set for release Thursday – will reveal how much capital was withdrawn from the Fed’s new commercial paper facility in the first three days of this week.

Source: Fed to Cut Rates at Next FOMC Meeting as U.S. Recession Appears Likely

Courtomer, France Friday, June 13, 2008

First, a quick look at what happened in the markets yesterday.

The Dow rose 57 points. Oil held steady – but at a near record price of $136 a barrel. The dollar rose…and gold dropped $10.

The big news this morning is that retail sales actually went up last month – at 1%, twice what economists expected.

What? How can consumers continue to spend? They’re supposed to be cutting back. Maybe they’re spending those rebate checks.

Meanwhile, we find import prices up 2.3% in May, mostly because of higher oil prices. And the NY Times tells us that commodity price increases show “no let up.” Floods in the Midwest are aggravating the situation – driving up corn prices to new record highs.

“Inflation expectations rise sharply,” says the Financial Times.

The Fed’s ‘Beige Book’ tells us that the economy is “generally weak.”

We spent the week with a group of Internet marketers. The financial publishing business has gone electronic in a big way. In this business, you either learn how to publish on the Internet…or you fail.

Your editor, who grew up without air-conditioning, let alone without the Internet, finds it hard to keep up.

“You’ve got to understand the semantic dynamic of the bot-driven crawlers,” said one of the speakers. We had no idea of what he was talking about, but the others present nodded their heads in approval.

That is just one of the problems with growing older; you grow wiser…but wiser about things that no longer exist. When the car is slow to start, for example, we naturally think we need to clean the carburetor or check the points. Then we realize that there isn’t a carburetor and there aren’t any points. The cars have gone electronic too.

The other thing that has gone electronic is money.

In our decaying wisdom, we’re suspicious of the new electronic money. The old paper money was bad enough. Given the opportunity, central banks would print it up…far more of it than they should. Soon, there would be a lot more pieces of paper than there were things that it would buy. Now, the authorities who control money don’t even have to get ink on their hands. They can create money electronically. In fact, there is no limit on how much they can create – theoretically. Just add zeros. Add them electronically. The sky’s the limit.

But real wealth is not created so easily…

Real wealth is not electronic. It’s not just 1s and 0s – not just digital…not just phantoms that disappear when the power goes out. Real wealth is physical…things you can touch, eat, drive around in, and live in.

Real wealth and “money” are connected. But this new electronic money has plenty of stretch in it. Houses, for example, are real wealth. But in money terms, their value varies. In the ten years – 1996-2006 – for example, the price of America’s houses almost doubled. Of course, they were essentially the same houses…a little bigger perhaps…with a few more marble countertops, but otherwise not much different. What had happened that made them more valuable? Well, they weren’t really more valuable…just more expensive. America’s elastic money had stretched out to make them more expensive.

But now the elastic is snapping back. Houses are down 13% – according to Case/Shiller – from a year ago. And now an analyst at JP Morgan says they’ll probably go down about 30% before the snapback is finished in 2010.

This, he says, will cost Wall Street about $1 trillion in losses on mortgage-backed securities. It will cost the nation $4 trillion in “lost access to capital.”

Whoa! That’s the trouble with stretchable money – when the elastic snaps, it can hurt.

*** The other trouble with these new electronic systems is that they are hard to fix. When your car wouldn’t start in the ’60s, you lifted the hood…took off the distributor cap and checked for sparks. Or, you removed the carburetor and made sure it was working properly. Even when you didn’t know what you were doing, skinning your knuckles once or twice seemed to cure most minor mechanical problems.

But when an electronic system breaks down, it’s hard to figure out what is wrong…and almost impossible to fix. When money is in paper form, it is pretty easy to understand how it works. Simply count up the bills in circulation. If the supply is going up…prices are likely to follow. But this new electronic money has most people stumped. The Fed sends an electronic credit to the Bank of America, which in turn gives an electronic credit to its credit card holders. Now, they can go out and buy things. Do they have “money?” How much “money” is in circulation?

Then, the American shopper buys something made in China – where else? – so that the Chinese producer ends up with a credit in his account in dollars…which he trades with the Bank of China for yuan. The BoC doesn’t want the yuan to go up…so it creates more yuan, electronically, to trade for the electronic dollars it has received.

This was the ‘great money machine’ – an electronic machine – that was responsible for creating so much of the world’s liquidity…and the world’s bubbles.

But as we said yesterday, this machine seems to be slowing down…maybe even breaking down. America’s trade deficit is shrinking. In fact, it seems to us that the elastic currency is snapping back in America’s face. Its import prices go up…while its major asset – housing – goes down.

The import that people care most about is oil. It’s causing the highest gasoline prices Americans have ever had to pay. And it’s calling into question the whole ‘car culture’ society. In America, much more than in Europe, people live in individual, standalone houses – which are much more expensive to heat and maintain than row houses or apartments. They also live far from their work…their schools…their restaurants…and their shops.

Here in Europe, big shopping malls have become common. The small shops couldn’t compete with them on price or choice. Still, now that the price of oil has gone up so dramatically, the latest reports tell us that shoppers are turning their backs on the big malls; they prefer to walk out to neighborhood stores.

But in the United States, there are few neighborhood stores left…in fact, there are few neighborhoods. Instead, in many areas, houses were flung out like confetti from a parade float. They may have fallen a mile from a major shopping mall…or the wind might have carried them 50 miles away.

“Oklahoma’s painful car culture,” is changing the way people live, says an article on CNN Money. Out on panhandle, it is not unusual to drive 70 miles to get to work. In their big SUV and pickups, commuters might have to spend $50 a day – just to get to work. It’s not surprising that they are looking for alternatives – bikes, carpools, and buses.

The Commerce Department reported that retail sales rose by a surprising 1.0% in May, the best increase in six months. Excluding autos, sales rose 1.2%. Economists’ expectations had been for a 0.6% rise in total sales, 0.8% excluding autos.

That report was “serious and raises risks of earlier and more pronounced rate hikes” from the Federal Reserve, wrote Stephen Gallagher, economist for Société Générale.

The strong retail sales figures were shocking in that they show that consumers are continuing to shop, in the face of the lowest consumer confidence figures in decades. Where they’re getting the money is an open question, although it’s possible that the rebate checks are playing in.

Consumer spending projects to 2% annualized growth for the second quarter, and that would be enough to keep the economy “safely away from negative growth,” Gallagher said.

Traders shrugged off a more distressing report from the Labor Department showing that initial claims for jobless benefits rose by 25,000 last week, to 384,000. Continuing unemployment claims gained 58,000, pushing the number up to 3.14 million for the week ending May 31. That was the highest level since early February 2004.

Meanwhile, the euro weakened after European Central Bank executive board member Juergen Stark said the ECB isn’t planning a “series” of interest-rate hikes beyond July. Earlier remarks by ECB President Trichet had raised hopes of just such a sequence.

Source: Dollar Rallies on Sales Surprise - Euro Undercut on ECB Comments

May, being a hard act to follow
God created June…

Peak this…peak that…

This just in from a Dear Reader, throwing our own words back in our face:

“‘Now, it appears that the gains from mechanization, bioengineering, chemistry and land clearing may have reached their limits. We may soon reach Peak Food’

“Now, let me ask: Has the DR morphed into a Marxist newsletter or something?”

Another reader was more flattering…

“Your writing reminds me of H.L. Mencken, after he had his stroke. But seriously, the one thing that marks human history…above all else…is the constant rise in population and the constantly improving technology to support it. I don’t see any reason why that basic theme should change. Peak Food? Don’t trouble yourself about it…”

Don’t worry about us, dear readers…we have not lost a wink of sleep to the peaks…neither Peak Oil nor Peak Food bothers us. No, it is not the peaks that disturb our sleep…it’s the valleys.

As our Dear Reader points out, we’ve faced peaks before. Many of them. Somehow we’ve made it over them – and then scooted down the other side. That’s how history works – like topography. Peaks, valleys, and broad, fertile plains. What more could you ask for?

We’ll return to the Peaks in a moment…but first let us look around…and get the lay of the land.

Oil sold off last week…and ended at $127. Gold rallied on Friday, but still ended the week considerably down.

Last week, we thought we saw an important break in the terrain. Speculators were betting that the Fed would reverse course and begin raising interest rates. This boosted the dollar, whacked gold, and sent the bond market tumbling. Lower bond prices come with higher yields; soon, the economy begins to sulk as if it had been punished.

“US mortgage rates leap ahead as investors bet on move from Fed,” is the headline in the Financial Times this morning. Thirty-year fixed-rate mortgages rose above 6% for the first time in nearly three months; jumbo mortgage money cost 7.21%. Ten-year notes, meanwhile, fell to yield more than 4%.

Ain’t markets wonderful, dear reader? All that hard work that the feds have been doing – all designed to keep rates low so that people would borrow more money; it can all be undone by a day’s trading!

“The surge in mortgage rates will make it more expensive to buy homes and less likely that existing homeowners will be able to refinance mortgages. That in turn, is likely to dampen hopes of an early recovery in the US housing market,” explained the FT .

What went wrong?

Ah…remember the “crude oil vigilantes?”

When the Fed began cutting rates last September, the price of oil shot up. High oil prices are now oozing into the entire economy…greasing up prices for everything from cucumbers to diapers. And the trends that held consumer prices down for so long are shoving them in the other direction. Labor costs were forced down, for example, as hundreds of millions of Asians entered the worldwide job market. But now those laborers are cooking with gas…and driving automobiles…and eating regular meals – competing with Americans for food and energy, and driving up prices even as the U.S. economy goes into a slump.

Here is the latest from the Associated Press :

“Indonesians are staging protests against shrinking gasoline subsidies in a nation where nearly half the population of 235 million lives on less than $2 a day. And there are now 887 million vehicles in the world, up from 553 million vehicles just 15 years ago, and on track to nearly double to a billion by 2012, according to London-based consultancy Global Insight.

“So as oil prices have soared, average U.S. [gasoline] prices have gone up 144 percent in the past five years – from $1.67 in May 2003 to $4.02 a gallon this month, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Over the same period, gas prices in France went up 117 percent to $9.66 a gallon.

“Proposals by U.S. presidential candidates John McCain and Hillary Clinton to suspend federal gas taxes this summer would lower the price tag – but have little effect on the underlying oil price. French President Nicholas Sarkozy has urged the EU to cut value-added tax on fuel.

“French fishermen and farmers, who need fuel for their trawlers and tractors, say their livelihoods are threatened by soaring prices and have blocked oil terminals around France and shipping traffic on the English Channel to demand government help. Italian, Portuguese and Spanish fisherman joined them and went on strike Friday. British and Bulgarian truckers are staging fuel protests, too.

“Turkey faces similar problems – and even higher prices – $11.29 a gallon, which for a full tank in a midsize car can reach nearly $200, enough for a domestic plane ticket.”

This is just the tip of the iceberg…keep reading here .

You may have to wait until May to see your economic stimulus check, but some retailers already have their sights set on how you will spend it.

Both Kroger Co., one of the country’s largest grocers, and department store operator Sears Holdings Corp. are already offering discounts and freebies to consumers who turn the rebate checks into gift cards.

Other retailers like Home Depot are launching advertising campaigns to helpfully suggest ways to spend those extra dollars.

“People have to eat,” says Mish Shedlock on his blog. “They are going to keep eating and now Kroger is effectively offering 10% off on food, something consumers were going to keep buying anyway. Where’s the stimulus in that?

“There are millions of homes headed for foreclosure over the next year or two. What is $1,200 going to do above and beyond providing one month’s rent.”

— Consumer confidence is at its lowest point this morning since the dark days of the double-dip recession in 1982, when unemployment approached 11%.

The University of Michigan reported its index fell to 63.2 in April — down from an already low 69.5 in March. And a far cry from the 69 most economists expected.

An alternate measure, RBC’s CASH Index — a poll of consumer attitudes and spending by household — fell to 29.5, the lowest since its inception in 2002. A year ago the CASH Index stood at 85.

— As if in preparation, the Treasury secretary and Fed chairman were out in tandem yesterday defending their “Doritos”-style economic stimulus plan: “Spend all you want. We’ll make more…”

“The U.S. economy,” warned Secretary Paulson speaking before the Council of Institutional Investors in Washington, “has turned down sharply. Risks continue to be to the downside.”

But have no fear, he assured his Wall Street constituents: Those $600 rebate checks coming next month from the IRS will make everything just swell again. “We believe that given how they are targeted, that they will make a real difference in the economy.”

The Dynamic Duo: “Spend all you want. We’ll make more…”

— The “financial distress that we are seeing now is among the most severe episodes of the postwar era,” Ben Bernanke acknowledged for his part yesterday. But he stopped short of suggesting the present-day U.S. economy is like the run-up to the Great Depression.

Drawing on his academic studies during his pre-Fed days at Princeton, he told the World Affairs Council that back in the ’30s, the Fed allowed banks to fail, prices to fall and the money supply to contract.

“We now know the lessons from that,” says the helicopter man. “We are certainly going to make sure that the financial system remains in good functioning order.” The part about “regardless what happens to the dollar” was merely implied.

— “Maybe at the end of the third quarter,” Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein said, offering encouragement to his shareholders yesterday, “or the beginning of the fourth.”

The credit crisis is nearing the end he believes, but he makes “no promises” as to how much longer it will last. Lloyd’s football analogy went thud when he said the fourth quarter typically lasts longest. Aren’t they all about 15 minutes each?

Maybe, subliminally, he’s expecting overtime.

— The International Energy Agency slashed its forecast for growth in world oil demand this morning.

As late as January of this year, the IEA saw demand growing by 2 million barrels per day during 2008. Now it expects growth of 1.3 million barrels — its sharpest downward revision since Sept. 11.

But that doesn’t mean a return to $80 oil — yet. The slowing demand in the U.S. and Europe is being usurped by rising demand in China, India and the other emerging markets.

“The case for ‘decoupling’ [of the U.S. from the global economy] has some merit,” says the IEA’s monthly report. “For the first time, a sharp U.S. economic downturn is not expected to cause such significant impact in key emerging countries as in the past.”

“China and India are only beginning to consume oil at any meaningful level,” Chris Mayer points out. Right now, they are consuming oil at a rate the U.S. did in the early years of the 20th century.”

“We don’t need China to start guzzling oil like we do. Even if it moves half the distance between it and Hong Kong, that’s a lot of extra demand. What’s more likely, China stays at 1910 oil usage or moves somewhere closer to, say, 1950s U.S. oil usage? I think the latter.”

Demand will keep going up. And with it, prices will remain high.

— U.S. stock markets opened this morning down over 100-points on earnings from General Electric. GE almost never comes in below analysts’ expectations. Today, it did. GE reported a 6% drop in first-quarter earnings, concentrated in its financial services division.

More interesting to us are the results from GE’s infrastructure arm, which makes up 40% of the company’s earnings. That division’s earnings are up 17%, thanks to continued demand from Asia and the Middle East.

— But what a difference a day makes. Yesterday, traders took good news wherever they could find it. They found it at Wal-Mart and Costco.

The nation’s biggest retailer announced a 0.7% increase in U.S. sales for March. The nation’s biggest warehouse chain recorded a 7% increase. Traders celebrated by sending both the Dow and the S&P 500 up 0.5%.

The rest of the retail sector — the non-discount, non-warehouse species — is a wasteland, especially for those that sell clothing. Limited Brands, Gap and American Eagle all posted greater declines than expected.

Department stores? A disaster. Same-store sales at Kohl’s plunged 16%. Thomson Financial found 17 of 23 retailers missed their sales estimates in March.

— Curiously, Wal-Mart says its two big areas of strength right now are groceries… and big-screen TVs. So people aren’t necessarily giving up discretionary spending; they’re just going down-market to do it. Vizios, not Sonys.