Back in 2001, the Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS) – eager to push its clients toward emerging markets investment – created the acronym “BRIC” to stand for Brazil, Russia, India and China, the four emerging markets the investment bank’s strategists believed would become a dominant part of the world economy in the years ahead.

Such was the case until the global financial crisis happened. Now, Russia is falling out of investor sunlight and into the pits of recession.

Russia’s Economic Development Minister Elvira Nabiullina projects a 2.2% gross domestic product (GDP) decline for 2009, according to EurasiaNet. But the current global financial crisis is making previous estimates look foolish and impossibly rosy (U.S. GDP was originally estimated to fall 3.2% for the fourth quarter. In reality, GDP plunged 6.2%).

The culprits: A falling ruble, plummeting oil prices, war with Georgia and a gas-export dispute with the Ukraine.

Russia’s economy is heavily reliant on its oil reserves, making the effects of falling oil prices easy to measure. But the silent killer of the Russian economy has yet to be full measured – the money spent in a thus-far vain attempt to prop up its falling ruble.

The ruble recently fell to a level not seen since 1998, a scary statistic because that was the year Russia experienced a nationwide banking crisis – and it was also a period during which world markets were being roiled by the Asian Financial Crisis, also known as the “Asian contagion.”

In an effort to cushion the ruble’s fall, Russia has spent $245 billion since August, as policymakers sold more than a quarter of the country’s gold and foreign-currency reserves. Russia’s reserves, the world’s third-largest, stood at $426.5 billion on Jan. 9, according to BNP Paribas SA.

That has some economists calling for a “free-float” – or a big devaluation – to avoid depleting all of the reserves.

The tactic, and the accompanying effect on investors, is nearly identical to that of 1998, when the ruble fell 71% against the dollar before finally stabilizing after the government defaulted on $40 billion of debt. Investors are fleeing Russia because the government is tapping its reserves to defend the ruble, further eroding investor confidence and undermining the currency.

Brazil, India and China are currently faring far better than Russia currently, but are still dealing with their own unique struggles. That has led analysts to question the viability of the BRIC acronym.

Milton Ezrati, a senior economist and market strategist at Lord Abbett & Co. LLC, recently published a report titled, “Broken BRIC,” in which he questions the notion of lumping those economies together – especially in view of their wealth of differences.

“We, at Lord Abbett, were always skeptical of BRIC,” Ezrati said in an interview with MarketWatch.com, noting that investors should diversify beyond emerging markets. “The whole concept behind the BRIC, that these four countries were leaders, is no longer the case today.”

Ezrati no doubt has his share of dissenters, who can quickly point out that while the stock markets of China, India and Brazil are taking their lumps, they are the only major economies in the world with positive GDP growth.

Effect on Local Elections

Looking at Russia’s recent local election results, the country’s decline into the financial red is having little effect on the popularity of United Russia, the party of former President and current Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.

Elections were held yesterday and preliminary results show United Russia racking up commanding leads in local elections around the country, The Associated Press reported. Of course, allegations of election violations abound.

But the bottom line is that those in power are keeping it. Doing so engraves their names next to the economy’s decline; but it also gives them a chance to take credit for recovery if their policies work.

Source: Russia’s Economic Demise Could Turn “BRIC” to “BIC”

A drop in the price of oil, the war in Georgia, and a gas-export dispute with the Ukraine have put a huge dent in the Russian economy, which now teeters on the verge of recession.  The devaluations reflect the new reality of low prices and falling demand for oil and other exportable commodities.

In order to contain the damage, the central bank is accelerating the ruble’s slide. Policymakers devalued the ruble every trading day last week except for Tuesday (Jan. 13), letting it fall an average 1.7% a day versus a basket of currencies. By comparison, November and December averaged two devaluations a week, according to Bloomberg News data.

In order to cushion the ruble’s fall, Russia has spent $245 billion since August, as policymakers sold over a quarter of the country’s gold and foreign-currency reserves. That has some economists calling for a free-float or a big devaluation to avoid depleting all of the reserves. Russia’s reserves, the world’s third largest, stood at $426.5 billion on Jan. 9, according to BNP Paribas SA.

Russia is intervening in the currency markets to prevent sharp swings that move people to withdraw their savings. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin pledged last month to use the nation’s foreign-exchange reserves to prevent huge moves and to promote calm in the Russian heartland.

Investors have reacted by pulling back from the currency.

“Fear of another devaluation means nobody wants to buy rubles right now,” Lars Rasmussen, an emerging markets analyst in Copenhagen at Danske Bank A/S told Bloomberg News. “The ruble has begun to look more and more overvalued because of the fall in the oil price.”

Meanwhile, downward spiraling oil prices continue to exert pressure on the overall economy.  Russia’s main oil export, Urals crude, has declined 69% to $44.43 a barrel from record highs in July. Analysts estimate the price needs to reach $70 a barrel for the government to balance the budget this year.

The government wants desperately to avoid another run on the central bank, like the one in 1998, when investors fled the market by selling rubles and Russian assets. That crisis forced Russia to spend its foreign reserves to defend the ruble, further eroding investor confidence and undermining the currency. Eventually, the ruble fell 71% against the dollar before finally stabilizing after the government defaulted on $40 billion of debt.

Despite government efforts, there are signs that remembrances of the 1998 crisis are spurring people to sell rubles.

“Of course I have changed my savings into foreign currency. I don’t want to lose my wealth,” Alexei, a Russian banker, told Reuters outside an exchange point in snowy central Moscow.  Others were busy changing money into dollars in anticipation of increasing prices for food and medicine.

Banks and companies are also hoarding foreign currencies, Evgeny Nadorshin, senior economist at Moscow’s Trust Investment Bank, told Bloomberg.

“All the attention of the people is focused on the Forex market,” Nadorshin said. “Companies aren’t buying supplies, they’re investing their rubles in dollars instead because the play is too attractive.”

But some analysts believe the devaluations may soon be over.  As the cost of money rises, and supply tightens, policymakers may be forced to halt the ruble devaluation.  Russia’s Moscow Prime rate, the average interest rate banks charge to lend money to each other, rose to a two-month high of 12.5% yesterday, Bloomberg reported.

Mark Mobius, the well-known globetrotting investor and the executive chairman at Templeton Asset Management Ltd., said he expects Russia’s currency will begin to stabilize, meaning the central bank may slow devaluations as the ruble approaches fair value.

“It’s not as overvalued as it was,” said Mobius, who manages more than $24 billion in emerging-market assets. “I know some commentators think further devaluations can be expected, but I’m not too sure about that.”

Source: Ruble Hits 11-year Low As Russia Accelerates Devaluation